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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of influenza in children in Jinshan District of Shanghai，so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of influenza in children. Methods We analyzed the surveillance data as well as the results of virus isolation and identification in children with influenza-like illness （ILI） in Jinshan District of Shanghai from January 2010 to December 2019. Results There were two annual epidemic peaks in 2010， 2016， 2017 and 2018， one annual epidemic peak in winter and spring in 2011 and 2013， and two annual epidemic peaks in 2012， 2014， 2015 and 2019. A total of 3 859 ILI cases were collected in the past 10 years， and 848 positive virus strains were isolated， with a positive rate of 21.97%. Among them， 371 were seasonal H3N2， 163 were new H1N1， 314 were type B（among them， 226 were yamagata and 88 were victoria）. The positive rates of influenza virus in different children groups were 0.88% in scattered children， 6.76% in kindergarten children， and 14.33% in students， respectively （P= 0.001）. Conclusion From January 2010 to December 2019， seasonal H3N2 was the predominant virus strain in children influenza epidemic in Jinshan District of Shanghai. The influenza epidemic shows a strong seasonal feature with double peaks in winter/spring， summer or autumn. The positive rate of influenza virus in middle school students is the highest in different age groups， followed by kindergarten children.
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Objective:To prepare ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets with block polymer PEG-PCL as shell and perfluoropentane (PFP) as core, and study the effects of mechanical index (MI) on contrast-enhanced imaging properties of nanodroplet.Methods:PEG-PCL micelles were first prepared by dialysis, and then the micelles were mixed with PFP for emulsification to obtain nanodroplets. The particle size and zeta potential of nanodroplets were measured, and the morphology of nanodroplets were observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The stability of nanodroplets after storage at 25 ℃ and 37 ℃ was investigated. The phase transition and contrast-enhanced imaging of nanodroplets in vitro under a series of mechanical index (MI) were studied using an ultrasound diagnostic instrument.Results:The particle size of the nanodroplets was (356.6±5.6)nm, and the zeta potential was -(7.30±0.14)mV. The nanodroplets were close to spherical under TEM and had a clear core-shell structure. The particle size and dispersion of the nanodroplets increased after storage at 37 ℃ and 25 ℃. For imaging in vitro, no acoustic signal were observed at 25 ℃ when the MI varied from 0.08 to 1.0. At 37 ℃, acoustic signals were observed when MI≥0.4, and the intensity was stronger for higher MIs.Conclusions:The contrast-enhanced imaging of nanodroplets are closely related to the MI, and a higher MI could induce the phase transition of more nanodroplets and produce stronger contrast enhancement. This study could provide basis for the application of polymeric nanodroplets in ultrasound diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous translumial septal myocardial ablation in dogs using laser and radiofrequency.Methods:Twelve healthy adult Beagle dogs (males or females) were randomly divided into two groups, namely, group laser and group radiofrequency (6 dogs each group). Under ultrasound guidance, laser fiber or radiofrequency ablation needle was respectively inserted into the basal and middle segments of the interventricular septa via the percutaneous transapical approach to perform ablation. The Beagle dogs received radiologic examination, laboratory tests and pathological detection before ablation, immediately after ablation, at 1 week after ablation, and at 1 month after ablation, respectively. The efficacy and safety of the two ablation procedures were compared.Results:All dogs survived after ablation. The peak gradient of LVOT decreased immediately after ablation using either laser or radiofrequency ( P<0.05), but it increased at 1 week after ablation than before ( P<0.05). At 1 month after ablation, no significant differences were found in the peak gradient of LVOT compared with that before surgery ( P<0.05). The interventricular septum thickness was increased immediately after ablation using either laser or radiofrequency than before ( P<0.05), but it decreased at 1 week and at 1 month after surgery than before ( P<0.05). The ablation zone using radiofrequency was slightly larger than that of using laser[(372.50±69.06)mm 3 vs (116.65±20.15)mm 3, P<0.001], and the surgical time of the former was significantly shorter than that of using laser [(56.00±3.22)s vs (260.00±65.39)s, P<0.05)]. Conclusions:Ultrasound-guided percutaneous translumial septal myocardial ablation is feasible, safe and effective using either laser or radiofrequency. Comparatively speaking, radiofrequency ablation is more simple and convenient.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of enuresis in children aged 5-13 years old in Jinshan District, Shanghai, and analyze the relevant pathogenic factors, so as to provide a reference for clinical prevention and treatment of enuresis in children and related psychological diseases. Methods Using the medical history collection table (CMT checklist) of ICCS (International Association for Urinary Control of Children) as a guidance, a random cluster sampling was performed on 1 000 preschool and school-age children from 9 representative schools with a relatively concentrated population in Jinshan District. Results Excluding the missing and invalid questionnaires, a total of 785 cases were included in the study, and the total prevalence of enulists in 5-13 children was 7.77% (61 cases), among which 42 cases were 5-7 years old (68.85%), 12 cases were 8-10 years old (19.67%), and 7 cases were 11-13 years old (11.48%). There were statistically significant differences among the age groups (χ2=52.87，P=0.001)). Among the affected children, 3.31% (26 cases) were in urban areas and 4.46% (35 cases) in rural areas (P<0.05). The prevalence of boys (38 cases) and the prevalence of girls (23 cases) were statistically significant (P<0.05). The characteristics of enuresis, organic diseases, and attention were analyzed in 61 children diagnosed with enuresis. Children with enuresis ≥7 times/week were the highest (33 cases), accounting for 54.10%; children with 3-6times/week (19 cases) accounted for 31.15%; 2 times/week (9 cases) accounted for 14.75%. Physical examination abnormalities (including urinary routine abnormalities: urinary tract infection, hematuria, high urinary calcium or phimosis) were found in 18 cases, accounting for 29.51%. Four patients (6.56%) had a family history of enuresis. Fifty-two (85.25%) of the affected children had psychologically related problems: introverted personality, impulsiveness, inferiority, lack of concentration, medium or inferior academic performance. Conclusion The prevalence of enuresis in 5-13 children was 7.77%. There were significant differences between urban and rural areas, different age groups and genders as well. Most sick children developed organic diseases and some degree of psychological problems. A timely diagnosis and treatment of enuresis in children in combination with psychological guidance and behavioral intervention is necessary for the prevention of the occurrence of enuresis related psychological problems.
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Objective To investigate the changes of levels of exhaled nitric oxide and the clinical signifi -cance in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia ( MPP).Methods From June 2014 to March 2017,95 children with MPP and 64 children with bronchial pneumonia in Jinshan Branch of The Sixth People ＇s Hospital of Shanghai were collected,32 healthy children were enrolled as controls.According to the imaging examination,patients with MPP were further grouped into lobar pneumonia group,bronchopneumonia group and interstitial pneumonia group.FeNO and lung function were measured in all children.Results The level of FeNO in the MPP group was (7.25 ±3.41) ppb,which was lower than that in the non -MPP group and control group [(11.24 ±3.52) ppb,(10.51 ±4.23)ppb](t＝5.82,5.77,all P＜0.01).The level of FeNO between the non -MPP group and control group had no statistically significant difference (P＞0.05).The FEV1,FEV1/FVC%,FEF25%-75% of the MPP group[(66.23 ±13.21),(84.62 ±6.73),(58.65.±19.43)]were lower than those of the control group and non -MPP group[(91.81 ±11.36),(93.80 ±8.91),(86.80 ±20.71);(85.43 ±10.32),(90.18 ±11.35),(74.73 ± 17.91)](t＝4.35,3.62,4.78;4.56,7.12,5.06,all P＜0.01).The FEV1,FEV1/FVC%,FEF25%-75% of the non-MPP group[(85.43 ±10.32),(90.18 ±11.35),(74.73 ±17.91)]were lower than those of the control group [(91.81 ±11.36),(93.80 ±8.91),(86.80 ±20.71)] ( t＝2.12,3.05,2.53,all P＜0.05).The level of FeNO among the lobar pneumonia group,bronchopneumonia group and interstitial pneumonia group had no statistically significant difference ( all P ＞0.05 ).In the MPP group,the FEV1,FEV1/FVC%,FEF25% -75% were not associated with FeNO level(r＝-0.15,P＞0.05;r＝-0.06,P＞0.05;r＝0.07,P＞0.05).Conclusion The level of FeNO in children with MPP is lower,and the level of FeNO is not significantly correlated with the parameters of lung function,and FeNO can be used as an inflammatory marker to evaluate the correlation between MP infection and airway inflammation.
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Objective To study clinical manifestations,laboratory variables,imaging features and therapies of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP).Methods The retrospective analysis of clinical data was conducted in 45 children with RMPP and 74 children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP)admitted to department of pediatrics.The general data,clinical manifestations,laboratory variables,imaging features and therapies were compared between two groups.Results As compared to MPP,the age(6.14 ±3.35)y,febrile days(9.49 ± 5.28)d,the hospitalized days(11.45 ±3.42)d were significantly higher than that of MPP group (P <0.001);RMPP had higher rations of unilateral pulmonary infiltration[41(91.11%)],large consolidation shadows[35(77.78%)], pulmonary[21(46.67%)]and extrapulmonary complications[24(51.33%)](P <0.05);CRP,ESR,LDH and IgM were increased,the difference was statistically significant (P <0.01);Thirty -seven cases(82%)of RMPP had to add ceftriaxone sodium,thirty -two cases(71.7%)of RMPP had to add glucocorticoid,,Bronchofiberoscope lavages were used in six cases of RMPP.Only one case of RMPP occured sequela.Conclusion The older children,the per-sistent high fever,large consolidation shadows of pulmonary,pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications,high level of serum CRP,ESR,LDH and IgM are the clinical related factors of RMPP.The combination of cephalosporins and (or)glucocorticoid might consider for the cases who have no effect with macrolides.The effect is sure for RMPP with Bronchofiberoscope lavages.
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Since epidemiologic studies have reported a modestly increased risk of oncogenesis associated with certain electromagnetic fields (EMF), popular media and scientists have raised concerns about possible health hazards of environmental exposure to EMF. Laboratory-based experiments have shown that a variety of biological responses were induced by EMF, although these results were controversial and conflicting. The non-thermal effects of low energy EMF,the possible interaction of EMF with biological system have become focus topics in the biolectromagnetic fields. This paper focuses on recent studies of static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, especially the interactive mechanism between EMF and cellular membrane and protein kinase signal transduction pathways. The potential genetic toxicity and risk evaluation are also discussed. However, the existence of some positive findings and the limitations in the set of studies suggest a need for more work.
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Humans , DNA Damage , Radiation Effects , Electromagnetic Fields , Environmental Exposure , Gene Expression Regulation , Neoplasms, Radiation-InducedABSTRACT
Cardiac arrhythmias occur in a wide variety of conditions where increased intracellular Ca2+ is known to occur, including myocardial ischemia, cardiac glycoside toxicity, congestive heart failure, and excessive prolongation of action potential duration. The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinaseⅡ(CaM kinase) is an important physiologic target for intracellular Ca2+ and regulates key control points for intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, including L-type Ca2+ current, release and uptake of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Since CaM kinase is uniquely positioned to affect Ca2+ sensitive ionic currents and resultant arrhythmias, CaM kinase may also be an effective antiarrhythmic drug target. The transient inward current (Iti) triggers delayed afterdepolarizations, which are a likely cause of Ca2+ overload arrhythmias. The identity of Iti is controversial, but appears to result from different ionic currents depending on the experimental conditions. These currents are likely activated by intracellular Ca2+ because Iti always follows excessive intracellular Ca2+ concentrations (［Ca2+］i). The studies from our laboratory indicate that three different ［Ca2+］i sensitive currents, which could contribute to Iti, are present in rabbit ventricular myocytes. These currents are the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, the Ca2+ activated Cl- current, and the Ca2+ activated non-selective cation current. We also found that Iti was suppressed by CaM kinase inhibitory peptides in the presence of physiologic solutions. These data support the hypothesis: CaM kinase can augment Iti during clinically relevant conditions, which are associated with increased ［Ca2+］i, and thus act as a proarrhythmic signaling molecule.